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1.
Am J Med Genet A ; 194(5): e63523, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38164622

RESUMO

The FMR1 5' regulation gene region harbors a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion (CGG-TRE) that causes Fragile X syndrome (FXS) when it expands to more than 200 repetitions. Ricaurte is a small village in southwestern Colombia, with an FXS prevalence of 1 in 38 men and 1 in 100 women (~100 times higher than the worldwide reported prevalence), defining Ricaurte as the largest FXS cluster in the world. In the present study, using next-generation sequencing of whole exome capture, we genotype 55 individuals from Ricaurte (49 with either full mutation or with premutation), four individuals from neighboring villages (with either the full mutation or with the premutation), and one unaffected woman, native of Ricaurte, who did not belong to any of the affected families. With advanced clustering and haplotype reconstruction, we modeled a common haplotype of 33 SNPs spanning 83,567,899 bp and harboring the FMR1 gene. This reconstructed haplotype was found in all the men from Ricaurte who carried the expansion, demonstrating that the genetic conglomerate of FXS in this population is due to a founder effect. The definition of this founder effect and its population outlining will allow a better prediction, follow-up, precise and personalized characterization of epidemiological parameters, better knowledge of the disease's natural history, and confident improvement of the clinical attention, life quality, and health interventions for this community.


Assuntos
Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/epidemiologia , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/genética , Efeito Fundador , Epidemiologia Molecular , Proteína do X Frágil de Retardo Mental/genética , Expansão das Repetições de Trinucleotídeos , Mutação
2.
Cytogenet Genome Res ; 162(7): 372-377, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36535243

RESUMO

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 70 (DEE70) is an epileptic encephalopathy associated with multiple neurological abnormalities and global developmental delay, among other characteristics. It has recently been established that it is caused by a heterozygous variant of the PHACTR1 gene, with currently four cases reported in the literature. This article presents a case report of a patient with DEE70 with a heterozygous variant in the PHACTR1 gene, who also presents a hemizygous variant in the AFF2 gene, associated with FRAXE syndrome. A phenotypic comparison is made between this case and the four other previously reported cases with variants in the PHACTR1 gene. In addition, the possible participation of the PHACTR1 and AFF2 genes in the clinical characteristics of the individual is discussed.


Assuntos
Encefalopatias , Humanos , Encefalopatias/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética
3.
Rev. colomb. med. fis. rehabil. (En línea) ; 32(2): 208-214, 2022. ilus, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1451619

RESUMO

Introducción. La ataxia espinocerebelosa es un grupo de desórdenes genéticos que consisten en una degeneración progresiva que afecta principalmente al cerebelo, el tronco encefálico y la médula espinal, y se asocia de forma variable con otros síntomas neurológicos. Presentación del caso. Mujer de 60 años sin antecedentes médicos relevantes, quien consultó al servicio de fisiatría por cuadro clínico de dos años de evolución consistente en alteración progresiva en la marcha, pérdida de fuerza en miembros inferiores, temblor en miembros superiores, disfagia y fatiga. Al examen físico se encontró disartria leve, disdiadococinesia, dismetría, sacadas hipométricas bilaterales y marcha atáxica. Se realizó resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) del cerebro que mostró atrofia cerebelosa, y electromiografía y neuroconducciones que confirmó polirradiculoneuropatía axonal. Las pruebas genéticas moleculares evidenciaron expansión de una de una repetición de pentanucleotidos ATTCT, lo que confirmó el diagnóstico de ataxia cerebelosa tipo 10 (SCA10). Se inició manejo multidisciplinario donde fisiatría inició plan de rehabilitación neurológica, manejo del dolor con neuromodulador y prescripción de dispositivo de asistencia para la movilidad tipo caminador. La paciente mejoró su independencia en actividades de la vida diaria: el índice de Barthel pasó de 45 puntos a 75 tras 12 semanas en rehabilitación neurológica. Conclusión. La SCA10 se consideró inicialmente como una ataxia cerebelosa pura asociada a convulsiones; sin embargo, en los últimos años la identificación de nuevas familias con este desorden ha revelado fenotipos más diversos, incluyendo polineuropatía, signos piramidales y deterioro cognitivo y neuropsiquiátrico. Se describe aquí un caso de SCA10 de inicio tardío (más de 50 años de edad) que podría ser el primero esporádico reportado en Colombia.


Introduction. Spinocerebellar ataxia is a group of genetic disorders consisting of a progressive degeneration that mainly affects the cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord, and is variably associated with other neurological symptoms. Case presentation. A 60-year-old woman with no relevant medical history consulted the physiatry service for a clinical picture of two years of evolution consisting of progressive gait disturbance, loss of strength in the lower limbs, tremor in the upper limbs, dysphagia and fatigue. Physical examination revealed mild dysarthria, dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria, bilateral hypometric saccades and ataxic gait. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed cerebellar atrophy, and electromyography and neuroconductions confirmed axonal polyradiculoneuropathy. Molecular genetic testing showed expansion of one of the ATTCT pentanucleotide repeats, which confirmed the diagnosis of cerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10). Multidisciplinary management was initiated where physiatry started a neurological rehabilitation plan, pain management with neuromodulator and prescription of an assistive mobility device such as a walker. The patient improved her independence in activities of daily living: the Barthel index went from 45 points to 75 after 12 weeks in neurological rehabilitation. Conclusion. SCA10 was initially considered as a pure cerebellar ataxia associated with seizures; however, in recent years the identification of new families with this disorder has revealed more diverse phenotypes, including polyneuropathy, pyramidal signs, and cognitive and neuropsychiatric impairment. We describe here a case of late-onset SCA10 (over 50 years of age) that could be the first sporadic case reported in Colombia.


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
4.
Appl Clin Genet ; 14: 305-312, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34262328

RESUMO

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), is an X-linked inherited genetic disease. FXS is the leading cause of inherited intellectual disability and autism in the world. Those affected are characterized by intellectual disability, language deficit, typical facies, and macroorchidism. Alterations in the FMR1 gene have been associated with FXS. The majority of people with this condition have an allele with an expansion of more than 200 repeats in a tract of CGGs within the 5' untranslated region, and this expansion is associated with a hypermethylated state of the gene promoter. FXS has incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Intellectual disability is present in 100% of males and 60% of females. Autism spectrum disorder symptoms appear in 50% to 60% of males and 20% of females. Other characteristics such as behavioral and physical alterations have significant variations in presentation frequency. The molecular causes of the variable phenotype in FXS patients are becoming clear: these causes are related to the FMR1 gene itself and to secondary, modifying gene effects. In FXS patients, size and methylation mosaicisms are common. Secondary to mosaicism, there is a variation in the quantity of FMR1 mRNA and the protein coded by the gene Fragile Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). Potential modifier genes have also been proposed, with conflicting results. Characterizing patients according to CGG expansion, methylation status, concentration of mRNA and FMRP, and genotypification for possible modifier genes in a clinical setting offers an opportunity to identify predictors for treatment response evaluation. When intervention strategies become available to modulate the course of the disease they could be crucial for selecting patients and identifying the best therapeutic intervention. The purpose of this review is to present the information available about the molecular causes of the variability of the expression incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity in FXS and their potential clinical applications.

5.
Rev. Fac. Med. (Bogotá) ; 68(1): 34-43, Jan.-Mar. 2020. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1125604

RESUMO

Abstract Introduction: Congenital heart defects (CHD) have an estimated prevalence of 4 to 9 cases per 1 000 births, and they have a significant impact on child morbidity and mortality. This prevalence variability has been attributed to regional differences in terms of genetic and environmental factors, among others. Objective: To obtain data on prenatal exposure variables of patients with CHD treated in Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: A survey was administered to the mothers of 30 children aged 0 to 5 years with CDH treated in 2 health institutions of Cali, Colombia. The instrument was oriented to collect data on multiple prenatal exposure variables, and data collected were entered into an Excel database in order to analyze them using descriptive statistics. Results: Several types of exposure potentially associated with having CHD were found, including altered body mass index, inadequate administration of folic acid, and being exposed to X-rays, vitamin A, alcohol and tobacco. Conclusion: Insufficient or untimely administration of folic acid could facilitate the development of teratogenic effects of oxidizing agents. Therefore, education programs on the importance of a proper intake of folic acid and the risks derived from exposure to teratogenic agents during pregnancy should be provided to all pregnant women in Cali to reduce the incidence rate of CHD in the city.


Resumen Introducción. Con una prevalencia estimada de 4 a 9 casos por cada 1 000 nacimientos, las cardiopatías congénitas (CC) tienen gran impacto en la morbimortalidad pediátrica. La variabilidad de prevalencia se ha atribuido a diferencias regionales en cuanto a factores genéticos, ambientales, entre otros. Objetivo. Obtener datos sobre variables de exposición prenatales de pacientes con CC atendidos en Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se aplicó una encuesta a las madres de 30 pacientes de 0 a 5 años con CC atendidos en 2 clínicas de alta complejidad (tercer y cuarto nivel) de Cali. La encuesta estaba orientada a múltiples variables de exposición y la información recolectada fue digitalizada en una base de datos en el programa Microsoft Excel para hacer un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados. Se evidenciaron varias exposiciones potencialmente asociadas a CC, tales como índice de masa corporal alterado, administración inadecuada de suplementos de ácido fólico y exposición a vitamina A, rayos X, alcohol y cigarrillo. Conclusión. El consumo insuficiente o inoportuno de ácido fólico podría facilitar la generación de efectos teratogénicos de sustancias oxidantes. Por lo tanto, se debe educar a las mujeres de Cali sobre la importancia de una ingesta adecuada de ácido fólico y sobre los riesgos de la exposición a agentes teratogénicos durante el embarazo para reducir las tasas de incidencia de CC en esta ciudad.

6.
Iatreia ; 33(2): 111-122, 20200000. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1114783

RESUMO

RESUMEN Introducción: en los últimos años Colombia reconoció las enfermedades huérfanas-raras como problema de interés en salud pública y ordenó su notificación obligatoria. Objetivo: describir la información sobre las enfermedades huérfanas-raras obtenida en Cali a través del SIVIGILA en los primeros 2 años de registro. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional transversal analítico. Se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Se realizó un análisis de normalidad con el Test Shapiro-Wilk. Se calcularon prevalencias. Se evaluó la relación de diferentes variables sociodemográficas y clínicas y el riesgo de mortalidad usando modelos lineales generalizados, la familia de distribución de Poisson con función de enlace logarítmica y modelos de varianza. Resultados: fueron notificados 635 casos: 78 en el 2016 (prevalencia 3,25/100.0009) y 557 en el 2017 (prevalencia 23,01/100.000). La mayoría de los casos pertenecen al régimen contributivo. Las comunas con mayor número de casos y mayor prevalencia fueron la 17 y la 22. Entre las primeras enfermedades huérfanas-raras más comunes está la drepanocitosis, fue la más notificada en Cali con 25 casos para el 2016 (prevalencia 1,04/100.000) y 77 casos para el 2017 (prevalencia 3,1/100.000). La tasa cruda de mortalidad estimada para el periodo de estudio fue 0,83/100.000, las enfermedades con mayor mortalidad fueron la drepanocitosis en mujeres (0,12/100.000) y la polineuropatía en hombres (0,13/100.000). Discusión: es necesario realizar y publicar en el futuro análisis más profundos a través de la revisión detallada de historias clínicas y la incorporación de otras fuentes disponibles, como el Registro Individual de la Prestación de Servicios (RIPS) y el Registro Único de Afiliados (RUAF), con el fin de disminuir el subregistro y suministrar a toda la comunidad información más precisa y detallada.


SUMMARY Introduction: In recent years, Colombia recognized orphan diseases as a problem of public health interest and ordered its mandatory notification. Objective: Describe the information on orphan-rare diseases obtained in Cali through SIVIGILA in the first 2 years of registration. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional observational study. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated. Normality analysis of Shapiro Wilk was performed. Prevalence was calculated. The relationship of different sociodemographic and clinical variables and mortality risk was evaluated, using Generalized Linear Models, the Poisson distribution family, Logarithmic link function and robust variance models. Results: 635 cases were notified, 78 in 2016 for a prevalence of 3,25 / 100.000 and 557 in 2017 for a pre-valence of 23,01 / 100.000. Most cases belong to the tax system. The communes with the highest number of cases and the highest prevalence were 17 and 22. Among the first most common orphan-rare diseases, sickle cell disease was the most reported in Cali with 25 cases in 2016 (prevalence 1,04/100.000) and 77 cases in 2017 (prevalence 3,1/100.000). The estimated crude mortality rate for the study period was 0,83 / 100.000, and the diseases with the highest mortality were sickle cell disease in women (0,12 / 100.000) and polyneuropathy in men (0,13 / 100.000). Discussion: It is necessary to carry out and publish in the future, deeper analyzes through the detailed review of medical records and the incorporation of other available sources such as the Individual Registry of Provision of Services (RIPS) and the Unique Registry of Affiliates (RUAF), with in order to reduce the sub-registry and provide the whole community with more precise and detailed information.


Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Raras , Mortalidade
7.
CES med ; 33(3): 215-223, sep.-dic. 2019. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055551

RESUMO

Resumen La osteogénesis imperfecta es una rara anomalía genética que se carac teriza por una baja masa ósea y susceptibilidad aumentada a fracturas. La mayoría de los casos se asocian a variantes en los genes COL1A1 y COL1A2 que codifican para el colágeno tipo I. Se ha clasificado en cua tro tipos, siendo el tipo IV el menos frecuente. Se presenta un caso de osteogénesis imperfecta tipo IV en una niña de seis meses, quien tenía escleras azules y acortamiento bilateral del fémur y desviación en varo de la tibia. Las radiografías mostraron desproporción craneofacial y hue sos wormianos, fusión atlanto-odontoidea; luxación coxo-femoral bila teral congénita, acortamiento y desviación del fémur bilateral, fractura antigua en fémur derecho y osteopenia generalizada. Se realizó panel molecular que incluyó los genes ALPL, COL1A1, COL1A2 e IFITM5, mos trando en COL1A2 una transición en heterocigosis de guanina a adenina (c.2531G>A), cambio asociado con osteogénesis imperfecta. El objetivo de este reporte es brindar información sobre la presentación clínica, los métodos diagnósticos y las posibilidades terapéuticas de una rara enfer medad genética.


Abstract Osteogenesis imperfecta is a rare genetic anomaly characterized by low bone mass and increased susceptibility to fractures. The majority of cases are associated with variants in the COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes that code for type I collagen. It has been classified into four types, with type IV being the least frequent. We present a case of osteogenesis imperfecta type IV in a six-month-old girl, who had blue scleras and bilateral shortening of the femur and varus deviation of the tibia. X-rays showed craniofacial disproportion and wormian bones, atlanto-odontoid fusion; bilateral congenital bilateral coxo-femoral dislocation, shortening and deviation of the bilateral femur, old fracture in the right femur and generalized osteopenia. A molecular panel was carried out that included the ALPL, COL1A1, COL1A2 and IFITM5 genes, showing in COL1A2 a transition in guanine to adenine heterozygosis (c.2531G>A), a change associated with osteogenesis imperfecta. The objective of this report is to provide information on the clinical presentation, diagnostic methods and therapeutic possibilities of a rare genetic disease.

8.
Rev. colomb. cardiol ; 26(1): 33-42, ene.-feb. 2019. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1058379

RESUMO

Resumen Objetivo: Revisar el concepto de cardiopatía congénita crítica, describir el proceso de consolidación de la pulsioximetría como herramienta para su tamización y llamar la atención sobre la necesidad de implementarla en países de bajos ingresos como Colombia. Métodos: Se hizo una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed-MEDLINE y Scholar Google, usando los términos MeSH: "CongenitalAbnormalities", "HeartDefects, Congenital" "Oximetry" y "Neonatal Screening", cruzando el término "HeartDefects, Congenital" con los demás, por medio del operador booleano AND. Se incluyeron publicaciones desde 1992 y no se excluyeron artículos por metodología o idioma. Resultados: El 25% de los casos de recién nacidos vivos con cardiopatía congénita son críticos y la pulsioximetría es una alternativa efectiva para su reconocimiento temprano. Se hizo una revisión sobre el tema, mencionando los estudios con los mayores tamaños de muestra que han permitido la consolidación de la pulsioximetría como herramienta para tamización de cardiopatías congénitas críticas, describiendo el abordaje estadounidense al respecto y llamando la atención sobre la necesidad de implementar dicha tamización en Colombia. Conclusiones: Existe evidencia para la introducción de la pulsioximetría como prueba de tamización para defectos cardiacos congénitos críticos. En Colombia no se han presentado iniciativas oficiales para generalizar la práctica.


Abstract Objective: This article sets out to review the concept of critical congenital heart diseases, as well as to describe the consolidation process with pulse oximetry as a tool for their screening, and to call attention to the need to implement this in low income countries like Colombia. Methods: A search was made in the PubMed-MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases using the MeSH terms: "Congenital Abnormalities", "Heart Defects, Congenital'" "Oximetry" and "Neonatal Screening", crossing the term "Heart Defects, Congenital" with the rest, by means of the Boolean operator AND. Publications since 1992 were included and article were not excluded due to methodology or language. Results: Around one-quarter (25%) of live newborns with a congenital heart disease are critical, and pulse oximetry is an effective alternative for its early recognition. A review was carried out on the subject, mentioning studies with large sample sizes that have allowed the consolidation of pulse oximetry as screening tool for critical congenital heart diseases. The approach used in the USA in this respect is described, as well as calling attention to the need to implement this screening method in Colombia. Conclusions: There is evidence for the introduction of pulse oximetry as a screening test for critical congenital heart disease defects. No official initiatives have been presented in Colombia to generalise the practice.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Anormalidades Congênitas , Cardiopatias Congênitas , Recém-Nascido , Oximetria , Triagem Neonatal
9.
Clin Genet ; 95(2): 262-267, 2019 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30414172

RESUMO

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorders, and it is an X-linked disorder in which there is a deficiency of the fragile X mental retardation 1 protein. This protein is crucial in regulating translation of mRNAs related to dendritic maturation and cognitive development. The phenotype of FXS is characterized by neurobehavioral alterations, social deficits, communication difficulties, and findings which suggest an alteration of connective tissue, especially in the ligaments and muscles, cardiovascular system and genitourinary system. Connective tissue connects and supports all other tissues of the body and is composed of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). Several proteins have been involved in the connective tissue abnormalities associated with the FXS, such as matrix metalloproteinase 9, which plays an important role in the homeostasis of the ECM, being a potential therapeutic target for certain tetracycline antibiotics that have shown beneficial effects in FXS. Here, we review connective tissue problems described in FXS.


Assuntos
Tecido Conjuntivo/metabolismo , Proteína do X Frágil de Retardo Mental/genética , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/diagnóstico , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/etiologia , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Animais , Tecido Conjuntivo/fisiopatologia , Proteínas da Matriz Extracelular/genética , Proteínas da Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Proteína do X Frágil de Retardo Mental/metabolismo , Humanos , Especificidade de Órgãos/genética , Organogênese/genética , Fenótipo
10.
Int J Dev Neurosci ; 72: 1-5, 2019 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30385191

RESUMO

Premutation carriers of the FMR1 gene (CGG repeats between 55 and 200) usually have normal intellectual abilities but approximately 20% are diagnosed with developmental problems or autism spectrum disorder. Additionally, close to 50% have psychiatric problems such as anxiety, ADHD and/or depression. The spectrum of fragile X disorders also includes Fragile-X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) in female carriers and Fragile-X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) in older male and female carriers. We evaluated 25 premutation carriers in the rural community of Ricaurte Colombia and documented all behavioral problems, social deficits and clinical signs of FXPOI and FXTAS as well as reviewed the medical and obstetric history. We found an increased frequency and severity of symptoms of fragile X spectrum disorders, which might be related to the vulnerability of FMR1 premutation carriers to higher exposure to neurotoxic pesticides in this rural community.


Assuntos
Agricultura , Proteína do X Frágil de Retardo Mental/genética , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/epidemiologia , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/genética , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Expansão das Repetições de Trinucleotídeos/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/complicações , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Comportamento Problema , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Convulsões/etiologia , Adulto Jovem
11.
Rev. Fac. Med. (Bogotá) ; 66(1): 19-24, ene.-mar. 2018. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-896818

RESUMO

Resumen Introducción. El diagnóstico prenatal (DP) invasivo para alteraciones cromosómicas (AC) se realiza según las indicaciones de las pruebas no invasivas y se basa en la probabilidad de encontrar un cariotipo alterado. Objetivos. Identificar las indicaciones para la realización de un procedimiento invasivo con el fin de hacer un DP de AC, calcular el valor predictivo positivo (VPP) de cada indicación y estimar la oportunidad relativa (OR) de encontrar una AC. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal que caracterizó las indicaciones de procedimientos invasivos para realizar cariotipos en registros de un centro de diagnóstico genético en Cali, Colombia, en el período 2013-2015. Resultados. De 738 registros de cariotipos analizados, 103 (14.0%) tuvieron AC. Las indicaciones más frecuentes fueron alteración anatómica única en ecografía del segundo trimestre (21.4%) y edad materna (18.8%). Las indicaciones con mayor VPP fueron sonolucencia nucal alterada más otro marcador ecográfico (80.0%) y antecedente de 2 o más abortos (30.8%). Las más altas OR de un cariotipo alterado también fueron la sonolucencia nucal más otro marcador ecográfico (OR=1381.6) y el antecedente de 2 o más abortos (OR=153.5). Conclusiones. La ecografía fue la principal herramienta para indicar procedimientos invasivos de DP. Los marcadores bioquímicos integrados fueron una indicación poco frecuente.


Abstract Introduction: Invasive prenatal diagnosis (PD) for chromosomal abnormalities (CA) is performed following non-invasive tests indications and is based on the probability of finding an altered karyotype. Objectives: To identify the indications for invasive procedures in order to perform a DP for CA, estimate the positive predictive value (PPV) of each indication and estimate the odds ratio (OR) of finding an AC. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study to establish the indications of invasive procedures to perform karyotypes in the records of a genetic diagnostic center in Cali, Colombia, in the period 2013-2015. Results: Out of 738 records of karyotypes analyzed, 103 (14.0%) had presented CA. The most frequent indications were unique anatomical alteration observed in second-trimester ultrasound (21.4%) and maternal age (18.8%). The indications with the highest PPV were altered nuchal sonolysis plus another ultrasound marker (80.0%) and history of 2 or more abortions (30.8%). The highest ORs of an altered karyotype were also nuchal sonolysis plus another ultrasound marker (OR = 1381.6) and history of 2 or more abortions (OR=153.5). Conclusions: Ultrasound was the main tool to indicate invasive PD procedures. Integrated biochemical markers were a rare indication.

12.
Iatreia ; 31(1): 76-85, ene.-mar. 2018. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-892689

RESUMO

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio descriptivo a una familia de Cali, Colombia, en el cual se evaluaron nueve pacientes, tres de los cuales presentaban discapacidad intelectual sin diagnóstico etiológico anterior. El caso índice fue diagnosticado con el síndrome X frágil mediante pruebas moleculares de ADN. Se realizaron pruebas en cascada a todos los miembros de la familia disponibles, identificando dos individuos adicionales con la mutación completa y cuatro portadores del alelo con pre mutación. Con este informe pretendemos contribuir a la epidemiología colombiana del síndrome y destacamos la importancia del diagnóstico etiológico de la discapacidad intelectual y proporcionar un tratamiento integral y específico a las personas afectadas. Además se busca identificar a los portadores de la pre mutación o mujeres con mutación completa sin fenotipo clásico para el asesoramiento genético y la educación sobre posibles patologías asociadas.


SUMMARY A study was performed on a family from Cali, Colombia in which nine patients were evaluated, three of which presented with intellectual disability with no previous etiological diagnosis. The proband was diagnosed with Fragile X syndrome by DNA molecular testing and, cascade testing, performed on all available family members, identifying two additional individuals with the full mutation and four carriers of a premutation allele. With this report we seek to contribute to Colombian epidemiology of the syndrome and emphasize the importance of diagnosis to provide a comprehensive and specific treatment to those affected. Further we seek to identify premutation carriers in their families or women with a full mutation without the classic phenotype for genetic counseling and education about potential associated pathologies.


Assuntos
Humanos , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil , Deficiência Intelectual , Colômbia
13.
Iatreia ; 30(4): 455-462, oct.-dic. 2017. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-892681

RESUMO

RESUMEN El síndrome de Cohen (SC) es una enfermedad genética rara, con herencia autosómica recesiva. Se origina por daños en el gen VPS13B, locus 8q22-q23. El fenotipo característico consiste en discapacidad intelectual, microcefalia, facies dismórfica, anormalidades oftalmológicas, obesidad central e hipotonía. Solo se han publicado aproximadamente 150 casos, la mayoría de origen finlandés. Reportamos el caso de un preescolar con talla baja, craneosinostosis, facies dismórfica, hipotonía y retraso del desarrollo psicomotor a quien se le diagnosticó SC por medio de Hibridación Genómica Comparativa por microarreglos (HGCm), que mostró una deleción en homocigosis de 0.153 Mb en 8q22.2 incluyendo el gen VPS13B, OMIM #216550. Con esta publicación contribuimos al conocimiento epidemiológico de un síndrome genético infrecuente, y mostramos el aporte de la HGCm al diagnóstico etiológico de pacientes con discapacidad intelectual inexplicada, retardo del desarrollo psicomotor, problemas del lenguaje, autismo y anomalías congénitas múltiples.


SUMMARY Cohen syndrome (CS) is an uncommon autosomal recessive genetic disorder attributed to damage on VPS13B gene, locus 8q22-q23. Characteristic phenotype consists of intelectual disability, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, ophthalmic abnormalities, truncal obesity and hipotony. Worldwide, around 150 cases have been published, mostly in Finish patients. We report the case of a 3 year-old male, with short height, craniosynostosis, facial dysmorphism, hipotony, and developmental delay. He was diagnosed with Cohen syndrome using Microarray Comparative Genomic Hibridization (aCGH) that showed homozygous deletion of 0.153 Mb on 8q22.2 including VPS13B gene, OMIM #216550. With this report we contribute to enlarge epidemiological databases on an uncommon genetic disorder. Besides, we illustrate on the contribution of aCGH to the etiological diagnosis of patients with unexplained intellectual disability, delayed psychomotor development, language difficulties, autism and multiple congenital anomalies.


RESUMO A síndrome de Cohen (SC) é uma doenças genética rara, com herança autossômica recessiva. Se origina por danos no gene VPS13B, locus 8q22-q23. O fenótipo característico consiste em deficiência intelectual, microcefalia, faces dismórfica, anormalidades oftalmológicas, obesidade central e hipotonia. Só se há publicado aproximadamente 150 casos, a maioria de origem finlandês. Reportamos o caso de um pré-escolar com estatura baixa, craniossinostose, faces dismórfica, hipotonia e retraso do desenvolvimento psicomotor a quem se lhe diagnosticou SC por meio de Hibridação Genômica Comparativa por microarranjos (HGCm), que mostrou uma deleção em homozigoto de 0.153 Mb em 8q22.2 incluindo o gene VPS13B, OMIM #216550. Com esta publicação contribuímos ao conhecimento epidemiológico de uma síndrome genética infrequente, e mostramos o aporte da HGCm ao diagnóstico etiológico de pacientes com deficiência intelectual inexplicada, atraso do desenvolvimento psicomotor, problemas da linguagem, autismo e anomalias congénitas múltiplas.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Criança , Doenças Raras , Hibridização Genômica Comparativa , Genética
14.
Rev. Fac. Med. (Bogotá) ; 65(3): 525-529, July-Sept. 2017. graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-896754

RESUMO

Abstract The cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion on the short arm of chromosome number 5. The size of genetic material loss varies from the 5p15.2 region only to the whole arm. Prevalence rates range between 1:15000 and 1:50000 live births. Diagnosis is suspected on infants with a high-pitched (cat-like) cry, facial dysmorfism, hypotonia and delayed psychomotor development. In adults, phenotypic findings are less specific. It is confirmed through high-resolution G-banding karyotype, fluorescent in situ hybridization or microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH). The following is the case report of a 21-year-old female patient with severe mental retardation and trichotillomania, who does not control sphincters and does not bathe or eat by herself. Her communication is based only on sounds and dysmorphic facies. The G-band karyotype reported is 46, XX. a-CGH shows 18.583Mb interstitial microdeletion in 5p15.33p14.3, including the cri-du-chat critical region. In children or adults with unexplained mental retardation and normal karyotype results (like this case), an a-CGH should be performed to make an etiological diagnosis, establish the prognosis, order additional medical tests and specific treatments, and offer appropriate genetic counseling.


Resumen El síndrome de cri du chat o del maullido de gato es causado por una deleción en el brazo corto del cromosoma 5; el tamaño de la pérdida de material genético varía desde solo la región 5p15.2 hasta el brazo entero. La prevalencia va desde 1 por 15 000 habitantes hasta 1 por 50 000 habitantes. Su diagnóstico se puede confirmar con cariotipo con bandas G de alta resolución, hibridación fluorescente in situ o hibridación genómica comparativa por microarreglos (HGCm); este se sospecha en infantes con un llanto similar al maullido de un gato, fascies dismórficas, hipotonía y retardo del desarrollo psicomotor; sin embargo, en los adultos afectados los hallazgos fenotípicos son menos específicos. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 21 años con retardo mental severo y tricotilomanía, que no controla esfínteres y no se baña ni come sola; solo emite ruidos y tiene facies dismórficas. El cariotipo de bandas G es reportado 46, XX y la HGCm muestra microdeleción de 18.583Mb en 5p15.33p14.3, incluyendo región crítica de cri du chat. En pacientes de este tipo se debe realizar HGCm para hacer un diagnóstico etiológico, establecer un pronóstico, ordenar pruebas médicas adicionales y tratamientos específicos y realizar la adecuada asesoría genética.

15.
Colomb. med ; 48(3): 148-151, July-Sept. 2017. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-890870

RESUMO

Abstract Introduction: The FMR1 gene has four allelic variants according to the number of repeats of the CGG triplet. Premutation carriers with between 55 and 200 repeats are susceptible to developing pathologies such as tremor and ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) syndrome. Case description: The patient was a 53-year-old female farmer with severe tremor in the upper limbs at rest that worsens with movement, tremor in the jaw and tongue, and generalized cerebral atrophy. She is a carrier of the FMR1 premutation diagnosed by PCR and Southern Blot, complying with the clinical and radiological criteria of FXTAS, and in addition, has a history of vagal symptoms suggestive of ovarian failure and menstrual cycle disorders that led to hysterectomy at age 33 and was subsequently diagnosed with FXPOI. Conclusion: An unusual case of FXTAS and FXPOI complying with clinical and radiological criteria is reported in a premutation carrier of the FMR1 gene.


Resumen Introducción: el gen FMR1 tiene cuatro variantes alélicas según el número de repeticiones de la tripleta CGG. Los portadores de la premutación con un número entre 55 y 200 repeticiones son susceptibles de desarrollar patologías como el síndrome de temblor y ataxia (FXTAS) y síndrome de falla ovárica prematura (FXPOI) asociados al X frágil. Descripción del caso: Mujer de 53 años, agricultora, con temblor severo en miembros superiores en reposo que empeora con el movimiento, temblor en mandíbula y lengua, atrofia cerebral generalizada, portadora de la premutación del gen FMR1 diagnosticada por PCR y Southern Blot, cumpliendo con criterios clínicos y radiológicos de FXTAS; ademas, historia de síntomas vagales sugestivos de falla ovárica y trastornos del ciclo menstrual que llevaron a histerectomía a los 33 años, haciendose diagnóstico FXPOI. Conclusión: Se reporta un caso inusual en portadoras de la premutación del gen FMR1, con criterios clínicos y radiológicos de FXTAS y FXPOI.


Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ataxia/genética , Tremor/genética , Insuficiência Ovariana Primária/genética , Proteína do X Frágil de Retardo Mental/genética , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/genética , Southern Blotting , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Repetições de Trinucleotídeos/genética , Alelos
17.
Colomb Med (Cali) ; 48(3): 148-151, 2017 Sep 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29299012

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The FMR1 gene has four allelic variants according to the number of repeats of the CGG triplet. Premutation carriers with between 55 and 200 repeats are susceptible to developing pathologies such as tremor and ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) syndrome. CASE DESCRIPTION: The patient was a 53-year-old female farmer with severe tremor in the upper limbs at rest that worsens with movement, tremor in the jaw and tongue, and generalized cerebral atrophy. She is a carrier of the FMR1 premutation diagnosed by PCR and Southern Blot, complying with the clinical and radiological criteria of FXTAS, and in addition, has a history of vagal symptoms suggestive of ovarian failure and menstrual cycle disorders that led to hysterectomy at age 33 and was subsequently diagnosed with FXPOI. CONCLUSION: An unusual case of FXTAS and FXPOI complying with clinical and radiological criteria is reported in a premutation carrier of the FMR1 gene.


INTRODUCCIÓN: el gen FMR1 tiene cuatro variantes alélicas según el número de repeticiones de la tripleta CGG. Los portadores de la premutación con un número entre 55 y 200 repeticiones son susceptibles de desarrollar patologías como el síndrome de temblor y ataxia (FXTAS) y síndrome de falla ovárica prematura (FXPOI) asociados al X frágil. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CASO: Mujer de 53 años, agricultora, con temblor severo en miembros superiores en reposo que empeora con el movimiento, temblor en mandíbula y lengua, atrofia cerebral generalizada, portadora de la premutación del gen FMR1 diagnosticada por PCR y Southern Blot, cumpliendo con criterios clínicos y radiológicos de FXTAS; ademas, historia de síntomas vagales sugestivos de falla ovárica y trastornos del ciclo menstrual que llevaron a histerectomía a los 33 años, haciendose diagnóstico FXPOI. CONCLUSIÓN: Se reporta un caso inusual en portadoras de la premutación del gen FMR1, con criterios clínicos y radiológicos de FXTAS y FXPOI.


Assuntos
Ataxia/genética , Proteína do X Frágil de Retardo Mental/genética , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/genética , Insuficiência Ovariana Primária/genética , Tremor/genética , Alelos , Southern Blotting , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Repetições de Trinucleotídeos/genética
18.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 87(5): 395-400, oct. 2016. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-830169

RESUMO

La deleción de la región cromosómica 1p36 es una de las anomalías subteloméricas más frecuentes y causa rasgos dismórficos distintivos. Por otro lado, la trisomía distal del brazo corto del cromosoma 6 es una anormalidad cromosómica poco frecuente de fenotipo variable. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de un paciente con ambas alteraciones cromosómicas, y resaltar la vigencia e importancia del cariotipo como herramienta diagnóstica en dismorfología. Caso clínico: Lactante de 2 meses de edad con múltiples anomalías craneofaciales, hemangioma en la nuca, fosita sacra, acortamiento rizomélico, pies y manos pequeños, criptorquidia unilateral izquierda e hipotonía. Además, antecedente de restricción del crecimiento intrauterino. Producto del octavo embarazo de una mujer G8A7C1 de 28 años. Con estos hallazgos inespecíficos en el fenotipo se solicitó cariotipo que mostró una deleción parcial de 1p36.1 y una trisomía parcial de cromosoma 6p. Conclusión: El cariotipo convencional sigue siendo una herramienta importante para el etiológico en pacientes con anomalías congénitas (múltiples), mostrando en este caso una deleción parcial de 1p36.1 y una trisomía parcial de cromosoma 6p, alteraciones cromosómicas estructurales.


The deletion of chromosomal region 1p36 is one of the most common sub-telomeric microdeletion syndromes and has distinctive dysmorphic features. On the other hand, partial trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 6 is a rare chromosomal abnormality with a variable phenotype. Objective: To report a case with both chromosome abnormalities, and to highlight the importance of the karyotype as a diagnostic tool in dysmorphology. Clinical case: The case of is presented of a two month-old infant with several craniofacial anomalies, neck haemangioma, sacral pit, rhizomelic shortening, small hands and feet, left unilateral cryptorchidism, and hypotonia. The infant also suffered intrauterine growth restriction and is the product of the eighth pregnancy of a 28 years old woman. Due to the unspecific findings in phenotype, a karyotype was requested, which showed a partial deletion of 1p36.1 and a partial trisomy of chromosome 6. Conclusion: The development of new techniques in molecular biology has improved diagnostic possibilities in medical genetics. However, the traditional karyotype remains as an important diagnostic tool in patients with multiple congenital anomalies.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Lactente , Adulto , Trissomia/diagnóstico , Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Cariotipagem/métodos , Fenótipo , Anormalidades Múltiplas/fisiopatologia , Cromossomos Humanos Par 6 , Deleção Cromossômica , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/genética
19.
Rev. colomb. cardiol ; 23(5): 443-452, sep.-oct. 2016. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-959908

RESUMO

Resumen El síndrome de deleción 22q11 consiste en una agrupación variable de características fenotípicas secundarias a la pérdida del material genético localizado en la banda 22q11.2. El espectro de deleción del 22q11 abarca varios síndromes, antes considerados independientes pero hoy relacionados con la misma etiología, con anomalías superpuestas incluyendo el síndrome de DiGeorge y el síndrome velocardiofacial, entre otros. Se trata de un síndrome pleiotrópico incluyendo: alteraciones en los sistemas cardiaco e inmunológico, dificultades en el aprendizaje y malformaciones del paladar entre las afecciones más comunes. Se hizo una revisión de: la base embriológica de las malformaciones congénitas cardiacas, la epidemiología, la genética, la fisiopatología y los aspectos clínicos en el manejo de esta enfermedad. Dado que esta enfermedad rara es potencialmente una causa importante pero ignorada de morbimortalidad en Colombia, se propone también una estrategia para su búsqueda activa y se discuten aspectos relacionados con su diagnóstico.


Abstract The 22q11 deletion syndrome is characterized by a variable group of phenotypic features secondary to the loss of genetic material located on the band 22q11.2. Its spectrum covers multiple syndromes, previously considered independent but nowadays related to the same etiology with overlapping anomalies, including DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes. It presents alterations in the immune and cardiac systems, neurodevelopment and palatal defects amongst the most common problems. This article is a review of the embryologic basis for the congenital heart defects, epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology and clinical aspects of this disease. This is a rare disease but is a potentially underdiagnosed cause of morbidity and mortality in Colombia, for which a strategy for its active search is also proposed and diagnostic aspects are discussed.


Assuntos
Genética , Anormalidades Congênitas , Algoritmos , Embriologia , Síndrome da Deleção 22q11 , Genótipo
20.
Med. UIS ; 29(2): 137-144, may.-ago. 2016. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-829154

RESUMO

En Colombia el cariotipo por bandeo es todavía la prueba inicial más usada en el estudio de pacientes con retardo mental o con anomalías congénita múltiples. Sin embargo, las técnicas moleculares, particularmente la hibridación genómica comparativa con microarrays, han permitido identificar un número creciente de síndromes de microduplicación o microdeleción en estos pacientes, de modo que mundialmente esta es hoy en día la tecnología de elección para evaluar alteraciones del número de copias. Se realiza esta revisión de la literatura con el objetivo de brindar al personal médico información actualizada acerca de la interpretación y el papel de la hibridación genómica comparativa con microarrays como herramienta diagnóstica en retardo mental inespecífico, síndromes de microdeleción/ microduplicación y análisis cromosómico prenatal. MÉD.UIS. 2016;29(2):137-44.


In Colombia the banding karyotype is still the initial test used in the study of patients with mental retardation or with multiple congenital anomalies. However, molecular techniques, particularly comparative genomic hybridization with microarray have identified a growing number of microdeletion or microduplication syndromes in these patients, so that globally this is the technology of choice nowaday for evaluating copy number alterations. This literature review is aimed at providing to medical personnel the latest information regarding the interpretation and role of comparative genomic hybridization as a diagnostic tool in nonspecific mental retardation, microdeletion/ microduplication syndromes and prenatal chromosomal analysis. MÉD.UIS. 2016;29(2):137-44.


Assuntos
Humanos , Hibridização Genômica Comparativa , Deficiência Intelectual , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Deleção Cromossômica , Duplicação Cromossômica , Genética
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